The sanitized version of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, due for publication in this month, comes nearly 50 years too late for this embarrassed former English teacher.
New South Books is publishing the revisionist copy of Mark Twain’s classic novel that will eliminate the “n” word, which appears 219 times in the original, and replace it with “slave.”
When I read the news, I wondered out loud, “Where the heck were you when I needed you?”
I endured my most-embarrassing moment as an educator in the fall of 1962 when I was teaching an English course at Washington (N.J.) High School, now a part of Warren Hills Regional in Warren County.
With a year’s teaching experience under my belt from Stroudsburg High School, I was hired at Washington to teach four sections of French, my major. The weekend before classes started, High School Principal James Evergetis also tossed me one freshman English course since I had a minor in English.
With zero preparation time, I would literally have to keep one step ahead of the students for most of the school term. Aside from the usual requirements of composition, grammar, spelling, syntax and sentence structure, there was a mandated literary component – The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.
I had never read Twain’s novel, either as a boy or in school, so my plan was to take the weekend prior to the Monday when we would start studying the novel and consume most, if not all of it, during the intervening 54 hours.
Little did I suspect that a series of events on that Friday before the start of the weekend would coincide to leave me red-faced, soaked in sweat at the end of that day's English class and properly chastened about the importance of class preparation.
I had finished the assigned grammar lesson about 20 minutes before the end of class. To fill the remaining time, I distributed copies of Huckleberry Finn, announced to the class that we would begin studying this American classic on Monday and decided that I and several students would read the first few chapters aloud to set the scene for Monday's class. To be honest, I also wanted to kill the remaining time in the period.
I read the first chapter aloud cold turkey and was absolutely shocked when I encountered the “n” word, but I said it without any comment or change of voice. I assumed – incorrectly as it turned out – that it was a once-and-done aberration.
The student in the first row of the class of 25 and to the far right was Arnold Thompson, the only African-American in the class. I asked him to start reading at the beginning of chapter two. As he began, I skipped down the page speed-reading to myself and hoping not to encounter any other surprises.
My eyes widened as I saw a paragraph halfway down the page with the “n” word used six times. Arnie Thompson, who went on to become a two-time New Jersey state wrestling champ in two weight classes, was closing in on this paragraph. I broke into a cold sweat.
Arnie came to the “n” word and stopped cold. I prompted him by saying the word aloud. Each time he came to the word in the paragraph, he did the same thing – stopped dead. Each time I broke the deafening silence by saying the word aloud.
The following week, after I had had time to do my homework, I introduced the novel properly, putting the use of the “n” word into context and explaining that Twain was a committed anti-slavery advocate who actually advanced the cause of equality through his writings.
I learned a valuable classroom lesson: I learned a valuable lesson: Never try to bluff your way through a class without proper preparation.
As for Arnie, I tracked him down about 20 years later, when he was serving in a ministerial capacity for an Easton church, and apologized for what I had subjected him to on that fateful Friday afternoon. He was gracious in his acceptance of my much belated apology, but I was convinced that for the rest of our lives, whenever we would hear of Huckleberry Finn, we could not help but recall the needless awkwardness and embarrassment that occurred that fall day back in 1962.
Peter Lule
6:46 pm on Friday, February 4, 2011
Bruce, I know that you said that the sanitized version is 50 years too late, but am curious as to your opinion on changing Twain's words. Isn't there something to be said about maintaining the historic significance of this classic literary work? This novel accurately depicts the colloquial language of the setting.
To me, it's similar to watching Goodfellas on NBC. A great and accurate portrayal by Joe Pesci is wasted. Gangsters use of rough language is realistic and accurate, and the people of Twain's time used the "N" word.
Paul Sortino
6:59 pm on Friday, February 4, 2011
Bruce, I know that you stated that the sanitized version is 50 years late, but I am curious as to your opinion of maintaining Twain's words. Huck Finn is an historic work with an accurate description of colloquial language fitting to the novel's setting.
To me, changing Twain's words is trying to change history. It's sort of like watching Goodfellas on NBC. An accurate gangster portayal by Joe Pesci is wasted. Members of the mob use the F word, and the people of Mark Twain's time used the N word.
Please share your thoughts.
Jonathan Gerard
7:11 pm on Friday, February 4, 2011
Cornel West has commented that it's not the "n" word that should grip our attention; it's the "Jim" word. "Nigger Jim" is the first black character in American fiction actually to have a name, West points out. This actually gives him dignity.
In all the discussion of this book, I haven't read anyone point out that, while Tom Sawyer is a children's book, Huck Finn is very much an adult novel. This matters when we think about the the use of the word "nigger" and how we contextualize it.
Tom Coombe
7:24 pm on Friday, February 4, 2011
Well put, MFT. One of the many wonderful things about Huck Finn is the way, when Tom finally shows up, he seems to have read too many kids books, coming up with a needlessly complicated scheme to rescue Jim.
Peter Lule
9:33 pm on Friday, February 4, 2011
Easton MFT....Actually, there was a black character in American Fiction that was named earlier that Nigger Jim.....E.A. Poe named a black character, Jupiter, in his famous fictional mystery, The Gold Bug. Jupiter was a servant to Walter LeGrande.
Tom Coombe
9:38 pm on Friday, February 4, 2011
Peter...you're an enigma. You've spent the last three days dropping bizarre comments about Buddy Ebsen and Mongolian throat singers, and then you chime in here with something useful and insightful.
Donald Dal Maso
8:23 am on Saturday, February 5, 2011
I recommend Melville's masterful short story "Benito Cereno" as a providing a much more disturbing encounter with race, power and the American soul.
Donald Dal Maso
12:09 pm on Saturday, February 5, 2011
Prepare yourself!
Tom Coombe
9:39 am on Saturday, February 5, 2011
I haven't read that one, Donald. My Melville exposure is limited to Moby Dick many years ago and Bartleby even earlier than that.
Donald Dal Maso
12:10 pm on Saturday, February 5, 2011
Sorry--previous message should have gone here. Once again, Prepare yourself!
Sara Dunlop
9:59 am on Saturday, February 5, 2011
Donald,
I have always found the relationship between Cap'n Delano and Babo to be most interesting, but the question remains; is the removal of the N-word or the changing of Twain's words ethical? Twain would no doubt find humor in this somehow. If he wanted the book to say "Slave Jim," he would have written "Slave Jim." The words existed during Twain's time.
Peter Lule
10:11 am on Saturday, February 5, 2011
Donald, I have always found Melville's detailed relationship between Cap'n Delano and Babo to be a powerful one, but the question remains. The use of the N word is the question here more than slave relationships. Is the changing of words in literary history ethical? I am sure if Mark Twin were alive, he would find humor in this somehow? I believe if Twain wanted his novel to say "Slave Jim," he would have witten the words, "Slave Jim." Surely those words were available to him.
Jonathan Gerard
10:30 am on Saturday, February 5, 2011
The notion of white=good and black=bad has been explored in Melville's Moby-Dick (where the whale is white and Queequeg isn't) and also later by Frost in his haunting poem, "Design," where, following a terrifying spider scene (the spider, the flower, and the moth are all white), Frost concludes, "What but design of darkness to appall?--If design govern in a thing so small."
But some of America's greatest writers at the time of the Civil War avoided writing about whiteness and race--Whitman, John Greenleaf Whittier... Twain goes head-on in "Puddinhead Wilson," even though, in the end, he shies away from challenging the received wisdom regarding nature vs. nurture and the character of the switched babies.
Donald Dal Maso
12:08 pm on Saturday, February 5, 2011
Peter, The power of that particular word in American literary endeavor obtains even today--I'm being serious when I refer others to the Rap poetry of Lil Wayne. In my opinion Twain's text must remain inviolate and unexpurgated. Mailer never got over his publisher's insistance that the neologism "fug" be used in" The Naked and the Dead." Twain would certainly agree with him.
Donald Dal Maso
12:13 pm on Saturday, February 5, 2011
In other words, Fiction does not have a mandate to make us feel good about ourselves.
Tom Coombe
1:43 pm on Saturday, February 5, 2011
"Fiction does not have a mandate to make us feel good about ourselves." I wish more people believed that.
Jonathan Gerard
5:18 pm on Saturday, February 5, 2011
What do you mean, Tom?
Tom Coombe
5:34 pm on Saturday, February 5, 2011
Bascially, that it seems like too many people want fiction -- whether that means books, movies or TV -- to have neat tidy endings.
Jonathan Gerard
5:44 pm on Saturday, February 5, 2011
Yes. A "happy ending" to a novel in the 1860s south or a 1920s sweat shop or
the 1930s dust belt or 1940s Poland would be a betrayal of what life was really like.
Do we read fiction for enlightenment or escape? Both, I guess. Non-fiction keeps getting dated and replaced by newer truths, so old "non-fiction" becomes fiction. Good fiction contains insights that are always true. So fiction is often contains more truths than non-fiction.
Consider: if I described a fantastical trip to an alternative universe with a totally alien society, it would be fiction. But if I preceded this entire piece of writing with three words, "Last night I dreamt..." then it would be non-fiction.
We ride fiction, comforting or not, to other places but it inevitably brings us back to reality--the messy reality of our lives.